Heart & Blood Vessels: Heart Blood Flow & How It Works ~ NEWS Tips

Systemic Circulation. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta. Blood from the head and arms returns to the heart through the superior vena cava From here the blood exits to fill the right ventricle, ready to be pumped into the pulmonary circulation for more oxygen.Blood travels through the body in two loops: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. These two valves are referred to as the atrioventricular valves. The two major arteries, the pulmonary artery and the aorta, also have valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the heart.Circulation is divided into systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. The pulmonary artery carries the blood and distributes it to capillaries in the lung tissues that then allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the alveoli of the lungs and then out of the body while oxygen is dissolved and...Blood filling of the atrium thus increases (because of the blood from the pulmonary veins which is • The amount of blood that is delivered into the left ventricle from the overfilled left atrium during When the blood pressure rises in the lesser circulation, an accent of the second sound can be heard...ry circulation.

What Three Things Help Push Blood Through Veins? | Sciencing

The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system. It has two separate circuits and blood passes through the heart twice The blood is oxygenated there and then carried back to the heart. Gaseous exchange happens in the lungs: carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in the...Circulatory Pathways. The blood vessels of the body are functionally divided into two distinctive circuits Pulmonary circulation transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where blood picks The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue.____ transfer waste-filled blood from tissues into the pulmonary circulation. Capillaries. Carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream by the ____ . Air from the outside is: warmed, moistened and cleaned by the nose and mouth. The ____ prevents food or liquids from getting into the lungs.Peripheral blood circulation - blood circulation within an organ or tissue through microvessels . The microcirculatory bed includes capillaries and adjacent Tissue and, in particular, adipocytic embolism can be the result of injuries, when particles of crushed tissue fall into the lumen of damaged vessels.

what transfer waste-filled blood from tissues into the pulmonary...

4. The blood after circulation in the glomerulus emerges into capillaries on the walls of the uriniferous tubes. 2. Cardiac muscle tissue has a special property. 3. Both ventricles expel the same volume of blood. This rest period is occupied by the heart filling with blood, in preparation for the next beat.Blood is the fluid circulating through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. Artery is a blood vessel carrying It enters the right ventricle which pumps it through the pulmonary artery and the lungs to pick up Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium moves into the left ventricle and the blood journey...are very tiny blood vessels — so small that a single red blood cell can barely fit through them. They help to connect your arteries and veins in addition to facilitating the exchange of certain elements between your blood and tissues. It works with the respiratory system to add oxygen to the blood and...Mucopurulent bloody sputum contains uniform mixed mucus, blood and pus. Bloody sputum observes in pulmonary hemorrhage: tuberculosis, wounds of the lungs, actinomycosis Siderophages arise in the sputum of the patients with congestion in the pulmonary circulation, especially in mitral...The pulmonary valve has three cusps. 4. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium of 6. Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta and general systemic circulation Too little, and you get ischemia and you can actually get tissue death. This is why, when I apply a strangle...

Jump to navigation Jump to go looking Pulmonary circulatePulmonary move in the middleDetailsSystemCirculatory systemIdentifiersLatincircuit.jpgMeSHD011652Anatomical terminology

The pulmonary stream is the portion of the circulatory device which carries deoxygenated blood away from the appropriate ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.[1] The time period pulmonary flow is quickly paired and contrasted with the systemic circulate. The vessels of the pulmonary stream are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.

A separate machine known as the bronchial movement provides oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.

Structure

3D rendering of a prime resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airlines and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung had been digitally got rid of in an effort to visualize the other levels of the pulmonary flow. Image appearing primary pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea. The correct pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta, whilst the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta.

Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, after which re-enters the middle; Deoxygenated blood leaves thru the correct ventricle thru the pulmonary artery. From the correct atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or appropriate atrioventricular valve), into the appropriate ventricle. Blood is then pumped from the correct ventricle via the pulmonary valve and into the primary pulmonary artery.

Lungs

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, the place carbon dioxide is launched and oxygen is picked up all the way through respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries that are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.

Veins Main article: Pulmonary vein

The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs via pulmonary veins, which go back it to the left a part of the center, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then disbursed to the frame through the systemic movement earlier than returning again to the pulmonary move.

Arteries Main article: Pulmonary artery

From the appropriate ventricle, blood is pumped thru the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and correct major pulmonary arteries (one for every lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that unfold right through the lungs.

Development

The pulmonary flow loop is nearly bypassed in fetal flow. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the correct atrium without delay into the left atrium thru the foramen ovale: an open conduit between the paired atria, or thru the ductus arteriosus: a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. When the lungs increase at start, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the correct ventricle and thru the pulmonary circuit. Over the process a number of months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis.

Clinical significance

Quite a few scientific conditions can affect the pulmonary flow.

Pulmonary high blood pressure describes an building up in resistance in the pulmonary arteries Pulmonary embolus is a blood clot, usually from a deep vein thrombosis that has lodged in the pulmonary vasculature. It may cause problem breathing or chest ache, is most often recognized via a CT pulmonary angiography or V/Q scan, and is incessantly treated with anticoagulants equivalent to heparin and warfarin. Cardiac shunt is an unnatural connection between portions of the center that ends up in blood stream that bypasses the lungs. Vascular resistance Pulmonary shunt

History

The opening web page of one in every of Ibn al-Nafis's scientific works

The discovery of pulmonary stream has been attributed to several scientists over the years. In a lot of recent scientific literature, the discovery is credited to English physician William Harvey (1578 - 1657 CE).[2][3] Other assets credit Spanish physician Michael Servetus (c. 1509 - 1553 CE) and Arab doctor Ibn al-Nafis (1213 - 1288 CE) with the discovery.[4][5] However, earlier descriptions of the cardiovascular machine are found in historic cultures.

The earliest recognized description of the role of air in circulate was once produced in Egypt in 3500 BCE. At this time, Egyptians believed that the heart was once the origin of many channels that connected different parts of the body and transported air in addition to urine, blood, and the soul.[6] The Edwin Smith Papyrus (1700 BCE), named for American Egyptologist Edwin Smith (1822 - 1906 CE) who purchased the scroll in 1862, provided evidence that Egyptians believed that the heartbeat created a pulse that transported the above substances throughout the body.[7] A 2nd scroll, the Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE), additionally emphasised the importance of the middle and its connection to vessels during the frame and described the way to detect cardiac disease via pulse abnormalities. However, despite their knowledge of the heartbeat, vessels, and pulse, the Egyptians attributed the motion of gear right through the vessels to air that resided in these channels, fairly than to the center's power.[8] The Egyptians knew that air performed a very powerful function in move, but they didn't but it appears have a concept for the exact position of the lungs.

The subsequent addition to the human working out of pulmonary movement got here with the Ancient Greeks. The doctor Alcmaeon (520 - 450 BCE) proposed that the brain, not the center, was once the connection level for all of the vessels in the frame. He believed that the function of these vessels was once to deliver the spirit (pneuma) and air to the brain.[6][9]Empedocles (492 - 432 BCE), a philosopher, proposed a series of pipes impermeable to blood but continuous with blood vessels which carried the pneuma all through the body. He proposed that this spirit was internalized with pulmonary respiration.[6] The physician Hippocrates (460 - 370 BCE) developed the view that the liver and spleen produced blood, which traveled to the heart to be cooled by way of the lungs that surrounded it.[5] Hippocrates described the center as having two ventricles connected by means of an interventricular septum. He depicted the center as the connecting level for all the vessels of the body and proposed that some vessels carried only blood, whilst others also carried air. These air-carrying vessels had been the pulmonary veins, which introduced air to the left ventricle, and the pulmonary artery, which carried air to the appropriate ventricle and blood to the lungs. He additionally proposed two atria of the heart that functioned to capture air. Hippocrates was one of the first to begin to accurately describe the anatomy of the heart and to describe the involvement of the lungs in stream, but his descriptions of the technique of pulmonary circulate and of the purposes of the parts of the center have been still largely incorrect.[6]

Greek thinker and scientist Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) adopted Hippocrates and proposed that the center had three ventricles, slightly than two, that all attached to the lungs.[6] The Greek physician Erasistratus (315 - 240 BCE) agreed with Hippocrates and Aristotle that the heart was once the starting place of all of the vessels in the frame however proposed a system in which air used to be breathed into the lungs and traveled to the left ventricle by means of pulmonary veins. It was reworked there into the pneuma and allotted all over the frame by means of arteries, which contained simplest air.[7] In this system, veins allotted blood all over the body, and this blood did not flow into, however rather was consumed by means of the organs.[6]

The Greek doctor Galen (129 - c. 210 CE) equipped the subsequent insights into pulmonary circulation. Though many of his theories, like those of his predecessors, were flawed, his concept of pulmonary movement ruled the clinical neighborhood for centuries after his demise.[7] Galen contradicted Erasistratus sooner than him by proposing that arteries carried each air and blood, fairly than air by myself.[5] He proposed that the liver used to be the point of origin for all blood vessels and that the heart was now not a pumping muscle, however quite an organ which blood passed thru.[7] Galen's principle included a new description of pulmonary circulate. In it, air was once inhaled into the lungs the place it become the pneuma. Pulmonary veins transmitted this pneuma to the left ventricle of the heart to chill the blood concurrently arriving there. This mixture of pneuma, blood, and cooling produced the essential spirits which might then be transported right through the frame by way of arteries. Galen additionally proposed that the warmth of the blood arriving in the heart produced noxious vapors which were expelled thru the identical pulmonary veins that first introduced the pneuma.[10] He wrote that the appropriate ventricle played a unique function than the left; it transported blood to the lungs the place the impurities were vented out so that clean blood may well be allotted all through the body. Though Galen's description of the anatomy of the heart was once more whole than the ones of his predecessors, it integrated a number of errors. Most significantly, Galen believed that blood flowed between the two ventricles of the heart through small, invisible pores in the interventricular septum.[6]

The subsequent developments in the human figuring out of pulmonary circulation didn't come till centuries later. Persian polymath Avicenna (c. 980 - 1037 CE) wrote a clinical encyclopedia entitled The Canon of Medicine. In this book, he translated and compiled fresh medical wisdom and added some new information of his own.[11] However, Avicenna's description of pulmonary flow mirrored the wrong views of Galen.[5] The Arab doctor, Ibn al-Nafis, wrote the Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon in 1242 through which he provided the first known accurate description of pulmonary circulate as it's identified these days. Ibn al-Nafis made two key enhancements on Galen's concepts of pulmonary circulation. First, he disproved the lifestyles of the pores in the interventricular septum that Galen had believed to permit blood move between the left and correct ventricles. Second, he adopted that the simplest approach for blood to get from the right to the left ventricle in the absence of interventricular pores used to be pulmonary circulation. He additionally described the anatomy of the lungs in clear, correct element, which his predecessors had now not.[11] However, like Aristotle and Galen, al-Nafis nonetheless believed that the important spirit used to be formed in the left ventricle from a mix of blood and air. Despite the enormity of Ibn al-Nafis's enhancements on the theories of pulmonary stream that preceded him, his observation on The Canon was no longer widely known to Western students till the manuscript was once found out in Berlin, Germany, in 1924. As a consequence, Ibn al-Nafis used to be no longer extensively credited with the discovery of pulmonary move in Western medical literature till not too long ago.[5][11]

It took several hundred years for European scientists and physicians to succeed in the identical conclusions that al-Nafis had. Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519 CE) was one of the first to suggest that the center was just a muscle, quite than a vessel of spirits and air, however he ascribed to Galen's ideas of circulate and defended the life of interventricular pores.[6] The Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564 CE) revealed corrections to Galen's view of circulatory anatomy, wondering the existence of interventricular pores, in his book De humani corporis fabrica libri septem in 1543.[10] Michael Servetus after him was the first European physician to accurately describe pulmonary stream. His assertions matched the ones of al-Nafis, and even though he has been steadily credited with making the discovery on his personal, it's most probably that he had get admission to to Ibn al-Nafis's work while writing his own texts. Servetus published his findings in Christianismi Restituto (1553), a theological paintings that was once regarded as "heretical" by Catholics and Calvinists alike, burned on the stake (in conjunction with its author) and infrequently survived in a few copies.[5] Italian doctor Realdo Colombo (c. 1515 - 1559 CE) published a ebook, De re anatomica libri XV, in 1559 that correctly described pulmonary stream as well. It remains to be debated amongst historians as to whether or not Colombo reached his conclusions on his own or if he founded his work on those of al-Nafis and Servetus.[5][6] Finally, William Harvey equipped the most complete and accurate description of pulmonary move of any of the European physicians in his treatise Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628.[4]

External hyperlinks

Media related to Pulmonary circulation at Wikimedia Commons

Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute

References

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A dictionary of biology (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5. ^ Ribatti D (September 2009). "William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood". Journal of Angiogenesis Research. 1: 3. doi:10.1186/2040-2384-1-3. PMC 2776239. PMID 19946411. ^ Azizi MH, Nayernouri T, Azizi F (May 2008). "A brief history of the discovery of the circulation of blood in the human body" (PDF). Archives of Iranian Medicine. 11 (3): 345–50. PMID 18426332. ^ a b Bosmia A, Watanabe Ok, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Tubbs RS (July 2013). "Michael Servetus (1511-1553): physician and heretic who described the pulmonary circulation". International Journal of Cardiology. 167 (2): 318–21. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.046. PMID 22748500. ^ a b c d e f g Akmal M, Zulkifle M, Ansari A (March 2010). "Ibn nafis - a forgotten genius in the discovery of pulmonary blood circulation". Heart Views. 11 (1): 26–30. PMC 2964710. PMID 21042463. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bestetti RB, Restini CB, Couto LB (December 2014). "Development of anatomophysiologic knowledge regarding the cardiovascular system: from Egyptians to Harvey". Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 103 (6): 538–45. doi:10.5935/abc.20140148. PMC 4290745. PMID 25590934. ^ a b c d ElMaghawry M, Zanatta A, Zampieri F (2014). "The discovery of pulmonary circulation: From Imhotep to William Harvey". Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2014 (2): 103–16. doi:10.5339/gcsp.2014.31. PMC 4220440. PMID 25405183. ^ Nunn JF (1996). Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Transactions of the Medical Society of London. 113. London: British Museum Press. pp. 57–68. ISBN 978-0714109817. PMID 10326089. ^ Loukas M, Tubbs RS, Louis RG, Pinyard J, Vaid S, Curry B (August 2007). "The cardiovascular system in the pre-Hippocratic era". International Journal of Cardiology. 120 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.122. PMID 17316844. ^ a b Aird WC (July 2011). "Discovery of the cardiovascular system: from Galen to William Harvey". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 9 Suppl 1 (Suppl. 1): 118–29. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04312.x. PMID 21781247. S2CID 12092592. ^ a b c West JB (December 2008). "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age". Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 (6): 1877–80. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008. PMC 2612469. PMID 18845773. vteRespiratory physiologyRespiration breath inhalation exhalation obligate nasal breathing respiratory fee respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic cringe hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilationControl pons pneumotaxic middle apneustic heart medulla dorsal respiratory workforce ventral respiratory workforce chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering–Breuer reflexLung volumes VC FRC Vt lifeless space CC PEFcalculations breathing minute volume FEV1/FVC ratioLung function tests spirometry body plethysmography height stream meter nitrogen washoutCirculation pulmonary stream hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shuntInteractions ventilation (V) Perfusion (Q) Ventilation/perfusion ratio V/Q scan zones of the lung fuel exchange pulmonary fuel pressures alveolar fuel equation alveolar–arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation 2,3-BPG Bohr impact Haldane effect) carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) oxyhemoglobin respiration quotient arterial blood fuel diffusion capacity (DLCO)Insufficiency high altitude dying zone oxygen toxicity hypoxia vteUnderwater diving Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned divingDiving apparatus Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving apparatus Human components in diving apparatus designBasic equipment Diving mask Snorkel SwimfinBreathing gas Bailout gasoline Bottom fuel Breathing air Decompression gasoline Emergency fuel supply Heliox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas TrimixBuoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Diving weighting device Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight beltDecompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive pc Diving shot Jersey upline JonlineDiving go well 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Field Andrea Doria Antilla Antilles Aquila USS Arkansas Bianca C. SS Binnendijk HMS Boadicea Booya HMSAS Bloemfontein Breda HMAS Brisbane HMHS Britannic Bungsberg HMAS Canberra Carl D. Bradley Carnatic Cormoran SMS Dresden Dunraven Eastfield HMT Elk Ellengowan RMS Empress of Ireland HMS Falmouth Fifi SS Francisco Morazan Fujikawa Maru Fumizuki SATS General Botha USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg HMS Ghurka Glen Strathallan SAS Good Hope Gothenburg Herzogin Cecilie Hilma Hooker Hispania HMS Hood HMAS Hobart Igara James Eagan Layne Captain Keith Tibbetts King Cruiser Kizugawa Maru SMS Kronprinz Kyarra HMS Laforey USAT Liberty Louis Sheid USS LST-507 SMS Markgraf Mikhail Lermontov HMS M2 Maine Maloja HMS Maori Marguerite SS Mauna Loa USAT Meigs Mendi USCGC Mohawk Mohegan RMS Moldavia HMS Montagu MV RMS Mulheim Nagato Oceana USS Oriskany Oslofjord P29 P31 Pedernales Persier HMAS Perth SAS Pietermaritzburg Piłsudski Pool Fisher HMS Port Napier Preußen President Coolidge PS Queen Victoria Radaas Rainbow Warrior RMS Rhone Rondo Rosehill Rotorua Royal Adelaide Royal Charter Rozi HMS Safari Salem Express USS Saratoga USS Scuffle HMS Scylla HMS Sidon USS Spiegel Grove Stanegarth Stanwood Stella HMAS Swan USS Tarpon Thesis Thistlegorm Toa Maru Tokai Maru Torrey Canyon SAS Transvaal U-40 U-352 U-1195 Um El Faroud Varvassi Walter L M Russ Washingtonian (1913) HMNZS Wellington USS Yancey Yongala Zenobia Zealandia ZingaraCave divingsites Blauhöhle Blue hollow Blue Hole (Red Sea) Great Blue Hole Blue Hole (Guam) Cenote Chinhoyi Caves Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Engelbrecht Cave Fossil Cave Jordbrugrotta Piccaninnie Ponds Pluragrotta Pollatoomary Sistema Ox Bel Ha Sistema Sac Actun Sistema Dos Ojos Sistema Nohoch Nah ChichFreshwaterdives Dorothea quarry Dutch Springs Ewens Ponds Little Blue Lake Wazee lakeTraining websites Capernwray Dive Centre Deepspot Eccleston Quarry National Diving and Activity Centre Stoney CoveOpen oceandiving Blue-water diving Black-water divingDiving safety Human components in diving equipment design Human components in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical device Scuba diving fatalitiesDivinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement danger Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of respiring apparatus in an underwater atmosphere Failure of diving apparatus rather than breathing equipment Single level of failure Physiological Cold surprise reaction Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence impact Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violationConsequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy take a look at Decompression Decompression practice Pyle prevent Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive making plans Scuba gasoline making plans Diver communications Diving hand signals Diving line indicators Diver voice communications Diver rescue Diver coaching Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Solo diving Water safetyRiskcontrol Checklist Hazard identification and possibility overview Hazard research Job protection research Risk review Risk keep watch over Hierarchy of danger controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety knowledge sheet Situation awarenessDiving workforce Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving manager Diving techniques technician Gas man Life assist technician Stand-by diverEquipmentsafety Breathing fuel quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulatorsOccupationalprotection andhealth Approaches to protection Job safety analysis Risk overview Toolbox communicate Housekeeping Association of Diving Contractors International Code of observe Contingency plan Diving laws Emergency process Emergency response plan Evacuation plan Hazardous Materials Identification System Hierarchy of danger controls Administrative controls Engineering controls Hazard removing Hazard substitution Personal protective equipment International Marine Contractors Association 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Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning reaction Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen remedy First aid Hyperbaric drugs Hyperbaric remedy schedules In-water recompression Oxygen treatment Therapeutic recompressionPersonnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursingScreening Atrial septal defect Effects of gear on health to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to diveResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N. Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques TrigerDiving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)Law Civil legal responsibility in recreational diving Diving laws Duty of care List of law regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural HeritageHistory of underwater diving History of decompression analysis and building History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Timeline of diving generation Underwater diving in fashionable cultureArcheologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah GallyUnderwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires TaylorEngineersand inventors William Beebe Georges Beuchat John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Joseph-Martin Cabirol Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Willard Franklyn Searle Augustus Siebe Jacques TrigerEquipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving get dressed Vintage scubaMilitary andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow WarriorScientific tasks 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Fire on MV Red Sea AggressorDiver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescueEarly diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer WatsonFreediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia MolchanovaOffshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell coincidence Drill Master diving twist of fate Star Canopus diving coincidence Stena Seaspread diving coincidence Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving twist of fate Wildrake diving accidentProfessionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link twist of fate Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Pier Skipness Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne ZetterströmScuba divingfatalities Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Chris and Chrissy Rouse Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's body structure and medication of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic ScubaStandards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services and products — Requirements for the training of leisure scuba diversGeneral non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and AdventureResearch List of Divers Alert Network publicationsDive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based finding out Refresher coaching Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving trainer Diving faculty 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International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Diving Educators Association (IDEA) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA ProgramScientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific CommitteeTechnicalcertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR)Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Association for Cave Diving (NACD) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Underwater sports activitiesSurface snorkeling FinswimmingSnorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater goal shootingBreath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Underwater ice hockeyOpen Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater imagesRebreather Underwater imagesSports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America)Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World ChampionshipUnderwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne ZetterströmUnderwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide David Moore Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter ThrockmortonScuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof StarnawskiUnderwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew WightUnderwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Dermot FitzGerald Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. 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Wiseman Kimiya YuiWriters and reporters Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John MatteraRescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John VolanthenFrogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph MagennisCommercial salvors Keith JessopScience of underwater divingDivingphysics Breathing efficiency of regulators Buoyancy Archimedes' principle Neutral buoyancy Concentration Diffusion Molecular diffusion Force Oxygen fraction Permeation Psychrometric constant Solubility Henry's law Saturation Solution Supersaturation Surface stress Hydrophobe Surfactant Temperature Torricellian chamber Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Snell's regulation Underwater pc vision Weight Apparent weightGas rules Amontons's regulation Boyle's regulation Charles's law Combined fuel regulation Dalton's law Gay-Lussac's law Ideal fuel legislationPressure Absolute stress Ambient stress Atmospheric stress Gauge pressure Hydrostatic strain Metre sea water Partial pressure Divingphysiology Artificial gills Cold surprise response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic intensity Lipid Maximum working intensity Metabolism Physiological response to water immersion Tissue Underwater visionCirculatorysystem Blood shift Patent foramen ovale Perfusion Pulmonary movement Systemic movementDecompressionconcept Decompression fashions: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble style Thalmann set of rules Thermodynamic style of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Equivalent narcotic intensity Oxygen window in diving decompression Physiology of decompressionRespiration Blood–air barrier Breathing CO₂ retention Dead house Gas exchange Hypocapnia Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory device Work of respiring DivingsurroundingsClassification List of diving environments via kind Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive websites Underwater settingImpact Environmental impact of leisure diving Low affect divingEnvironmentalelements Algal bloom Currents: Current Longshore drift Ocean present Rip current Tidal race Undertow Upwelling Ekman transport Halocline Reef Coral reef Stratification Thermocline Tides Turbidity Wind wave Breaking wave Surf Surge Swell Wave shoalingOther Bathysphere Defense towards swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater area consciousnessAwards and occasions Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI AwardsDeep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 NemoDeep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue car DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue car Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Diving Equipment and Marketing Association Divers Alert Network Green Fins Historical Diving Society Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage CommandSubmarine escapeand rescue Escape trunk International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine Escape and Rescue machine (Royal Swedish Navy) Submarine get away coaching facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Submarine rescue sendEscape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut coaching Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training assist Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training CenterOther Nautilus Productions Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal Authority keep an eye on MA: 2909926780, 2909948108 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_circulation&oldid=993181435"